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4월 . 09, 2024 14:47 Back to list

Nano fertilizer synergist eects onnitrogen utilization andrelated gene expression inwheat

Nitrogen (N) is one of the essential elements for crop
growth, which can regulate many processes of wheat
(Triticum aestivum L.) growth and development. e
application of chemical fertilizers plays an important
role in optimizing yield and quality of crops. Accord-
ing to statistics, the domestic application of chemi-
cal fertilizers accounted for nearly 40% of the World’s
application in 2011, and has been growing [1]. From
January to May 2022, the output of agricultural N, phos-
phorus (P) and potassium (K) fertilizers in China has
reached 23.2 million tons. If the application of chemical
fertilizers is seized, the global crop production output
could be reduced by about 50% [2]. However, since the
1990’s, the impact of increasing the amounts of fertiliz-
ers on improving crop yield has been no longer signifi-
cant, and the fertilizer utilization efficiency is relatively
low. e average N utilization rates of wheat in China in
1990–1999, 2000–2005 and 2006–2010 were 35, 28.2 and
34%, respectively [3, 4]. e problem of high amounts of
fertilizer and low utilization efficiency in modern crop
production is prominent [5]. Overapplication of chemi-
cal fertilizers is also associated with multiple issues such
as decline of economic returns and environmental pollu-
tion. erefore, improving chemical fertilizer efficiency
and sustaining high yield and quality of crops is one of
the main challenges in agricultural development.
Wheat is one of the important food crops. About
35% ~ 40% of the World’s population utilizes wheat as the
key food source [6]. China is a major wheat producin
country, and its wheat output accounts for about 17%
of the total global annual wheat production. ere-
fore, understanding how to improve the yield and qual-
ity of wheat can better meet the growing food demand
of humanity and promote social and economic devel-
opment. Nitrogen is present in the soil in the form of
ammonium (NH4+), nitrate (NO3−) and organic com-
pounds. About 92–98% of the total N in the soil is in
organic form as soil organic matter. Only 2–8% of the
total N in the soil is in mineral form (i.e. NH4+ and
NO3−). However, only the mineral forms of N are read-
ily available for plant uptake, while the organic N has
to be mineralized into ammonium and nitrate for root
uptake [7–9]. Nitrate is the main N source of higher
plants. e absorption and transport of NO3− in plants
are achieved through NO3− transporters (NRT) [10].
Nitrogen assimilation is accomplished by glutamine syn-
thase (GS), which is a key catalytic enzyme to convert
inorganic N into organic N and is crucial in N utilization.
e GS gene overexpression can promote the expression
of NRT family genes to enhance the absorption, assimi-
lation and accumulation of N in crops [11]. Some stud-
ies have shown that the application of nano fertilizers to
the soil can reduce the loss of NO3− via leaching and of
NH4+ via volatilization [12]. Nano fertilizers have shown
potential to reduce the environmental pollution [13] and
also improve the efficiency of N utilization for enhancing
wheat yield and quality.
Nano materials are a kind of ultra-fine materials with
special properties such as surface effect and small-
size effect [14]. With the continuous development of
nano science and nano technology, nano carbon has
attracted great attention in agriculture. In recent years,
nano materials have been gradually applied to agricul-
ture and become the current research hotspot. In some
studies, nano carbon was applied to crops as fertilizer
synergist. Nano carbon has advantages in gene regula-
tion, cell infiltration and fertilizer slow release [15]. e
fertilizer added with nano carbon can improve the sol-
ubility and dispersion of nutrients in soil [16], increase
the nutrient uptake by crops from fertilizer, reduce the
loss of fertilizer in soil and improve the utilization rate
of fertilizer; thus promoting the growth, development
and yield of the crops, increasing the yield, and also
reducing the environmental pollution, which is benefi-
cial to the sustainable development of agriculture [17].
Studies have shown that the application of nano carbon
can significantly improve utilization efficiency of N fer-
tilizer and P fertilizer of tuber mustard (Brassica jun-
cea var. tumida) [18]; and the combined application of
nano calcium carbonate, humic acid and organic ferti-
lizer can promote the absorption of N, P and K by pea-
nut (Arachis hypogaea Linn.) plants, meet the nutrient
requirement for the growth and development of peanut
during the flowering needle stage, and help improve the
fruit setting rate and yield of peanut [19]. At present,
there are few studies on composite nano synergist in
agriculture, and the mechanism of nano carbon syner-
gist, nano calcium carbonate synergist and composite
nano synergist is not completely clear, which needs fur-
ther study [20].
e advantages of nano materials in agricultural
production and fertilizer slow release have brought
new opportunities for agricultural development. e
application of nano fertilizers in agriculture can sig-
nificantly improve the efficiency of agricultural invest-
ment, and also provide an important way to maintain
the sustainable development of agricultural ecosystem
[21]. erefore, this experiment—by adding nano car-
bon synergist, nano calcium carbonate synergist and
composite nano synergist—aims to explore whether the
addition of different nano fertilizer synergists can pro-
mote wheat N utilization and related gene expression.
Materials anddesign
Experimental materials
e wheat variety Yannong 999 was used in the experi-
ments, which was approved by the Yantai Academy of
Agricultural Sciences (approval No. 2016012). It is a
semi-winter wheat and has good cold resistance in win-
ter, strong tillering ability and strong root activity in the
later stage. e formulated fertilizer 14–7-6(N-P2O5-
K2O) was applied as the basal fertilization. e fertilizer
was pelleted and did not contain other nutrients except
N, P and K. e N source in the fertilizer was urea.
Nanocarbon and nano calcium carbonate were used as
nano fertilizer synergist, and the nanomaterials were
produced by Beijing Deke DaoJin Science And Technol-
ogy Co., Ltd. Specific technical parameters are shown
in Table1. During the nano fertilizer preparation, cer-
tain amounts of fertilizer and nano carbon or nano cal-
cium carbonate were weighed and after that mixed in
Table 1 Technical parameters of nano carbon and nano calcium
carbonate
Nano carbon Nano calcium carbonate
Content(%) 99.9 99.9
Average particle size(nm) 40 20
Specific surface area(m2·g−1) 200 30–60
Particle shape sphere sphere
Appearance black powder white powder
Loose packing
density(g·cm−3)0.09 0.3
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