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Effects of Nitrogen Fertilizer Synergists on Nitrogen Transformation

ABSTRACT: Excessive use of chemical fertilizers exacerbates acidification of acidic soils and increases nitrogen loss.
Nitrogen fertilizer synergists can delay soil nitrogen transformation and reduce the negative effects of soil active
nitrogen on the environment, but nitrogen fertilizer synergists hinder the activity of microbial populations. The effect of
nitrogen fertilizer synergists was affected by soil pH value, and the bacteriostatic effects of different nitrogen fertilizer
synergists in different regions were different. Therefore, it is of great significance to propose nitrogen fertilizer
synergist treatment measures suitable for acidic soil in Hunan. This paper briefly analyses the relationship between
nitrogen fertilizer synergists and soils with different properties, the relationship between nitrogen fertilizer synergists
and nitrogen transformation and transport, the relationship between nitrogen fertilizer synergists and nitrogen
transformation functional microorganisms. The research on the effect of nitrogen fertilizer synergists on the functional
microorganisms of nitrogen transformation in acidic soil was also prospected.

Ethylene Diamine Tetraacetate Acid Tetrasodium Salt (EDTA-4Na)

 

KEYWORDS:Acid soil, nitrogen fertilizer synergist, nitrogen transformation and transport, nitrogen transformation
functional microorganism.
I. INTRODUCTION
 
The area of acidic soils in China is constantly expanding, with the area of strongly acidic soils (pH <5.5) increasing
from the original 169 million mu to 226 million mu now [1]. Excessive use of chemical fertilizers exacerbates the
acidification of acidic soils and increases nitrogen losses [2]. The application of organic materials can increase the
nitrogen content in the soil, while the addition of nitrifying inhibitors can regulate the transformation of nitrogen in the
soil and increase the utilization efficiency of nitrogen. However, whether nitrifying inhibitors can effectively inhibit the
nitrification process and ammonia-oxidizing microbial abundance in red soil under combined application of organic
and inorganic fertilizers remains unclear [3]. The effect of the inhibitor is influenced by the pH of the soil [4 -5]. The
inhibitory effect of different types of inhibitors in different regions varies with the different acidity and alkalinity of the
soil, and it is of great practical significance to find inhibitors suitable for acidic soils in Hunan to improve the fertilizer
utilization efficiency in Hunan.
Although the large amount of nitrogen fertilizer applied in agricultural production increases the yield of food crops and
the economic benefits of farmers, it also affects our normal farmland ecological environment[6], including increasing
 
 
 
 
International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology (IJIRSET)
| e-ISSN: 2319-8753, p-ISSN: 2320-6710| www.ijirset.com | Impact Factor: 8.118|
||Volume 11, Issue 5, May 2022||
| DOI:10.15680/IJIRSET.2022.1105001 |
IJIRSET © 2022 | An ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | 4352
 
 
the loss of soil nitrogen in farmland and increasing greenhouse gas emissions[7], while nitrogen synergists are often
used to inhibit the key conversion process of soil nitrogen to improve fertilizer utilization efficiency and reduce soil
nitrogen pollution to the environment [8]. Nitrogen conversion processes are driven by soil microorganisms not only by
nitrification, but also by denitrification [8], which in turn are driven by soil microorganisms [9], while nitrogen
fertilizer synergists such as nitrification inhibitors and urease inhibitors can hinder the activity of microbial populations
and inhibit microbial activity [10], and different studies have shown that inhibitors have different inhibitory effects on
microorganisms [11-12]. Therefore, it is of great practical significance to study the nitrogen fertilizer enhancer
treatment measures in terms of nitrogen conversion functional microorganisms, which can also provide a scientific
basis for improving the ecological environment of rice fields.
II. STUDY ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN NITROGENOUS FERTILIZER SYNERGIST AND DIFFERENT SOIL
PROPERTIES
 
Nitrogen nitrification is more intense on alkaline soil with high pH value, and nitrification inhibitor has a stronger
inhibitory effect. The mineralization rate of dicyandiamide added in neutral soil is higher than that of
dicyandiamide in acidic soil. The mineralization rate is much higher, the degradation rate of dicyandiamide
increases with the increase of pH, and the effect of nitrification inhibition decreases [13]. Some studies have
investigated the emission of nitrous oxide when nitrogen fertilizer synergists are added to different soils such as
purple soil, yellow-brown soil paddy soil, and green mud fields. Co -application of nitrification inhibitors or
combined application of nitrification inhibitors and urease inhibitors in brown so il paddy soils can reduce nitrous
oxide emissions [14], and urea was reduced or chicken manure was used to replace 20% of urea on northern brown
soil paddy soils. Adding nitrogen fertilizer inhibitors can improve the supply of soil nitrogen and improve fer tilizer
utilization [15]. The application of nitrification inhibitors and their combined application with urease inhibitors in
the soil of yellow mud fields can significantly reduce the leaching loss of nitrate nitrogen in the soil, reduce the
risk of nitrogen leaching, and improve the utilization rate of fertilizers [16]. Studies have shown that nitrification
inhibitors (3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate) are more effective in slowing down the nitrification process than
nitrification inhibitors (dicyandiamide) in black soil in Northeast China, and have the best effect on inhibiting soil
nitrification. It is the combination of nitrification inhibitor (DMPP) + urease inhibitor and urea. In cinnamon soil,
the highest nitrification inhibition rate is the combination of nitrification inhibitor (DCD) + urease inhibitor and
urea [17].
III. STUDY ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN NITROGEN FERTILIZER SYNERGIST AND NITROGEN TRANSFORMATION
AND TRANSPORT
 
Many scholars have found that adding nitrogen fertilizer synergists to fertilizers can solve many problems caused by
the large-scale application of nitrogen fertilizers. For example, the addition of nitrogen fertilizer synergists can change
the transformation and transportation process of nitrogen in the soil and reduce the leakage of nitrogen in the soil.
Leaching loss, improve nitrogen utilization efficiency and reduce environmental pollution, etc. [18 -19]. At present,
nitrogen fertilizer synergists are widely used mainly including nitrification inhibitors, urease inhibitors and polyaspartic
acid [20-21].
3.1 Study on the relationship between urease inhibitors and nitrification inhibitors and nitrogen transformation and
transport
Nitrogen reduction (20%) combined with urease inhibitors can reduce nitrogen loss, make crop absorption fuller,
further improve nitrogen use efficiency, and further maintain soil nutrients [22]. Chemical nitrogen fertilizer or organic
and inorganic fertilizer combined with urease inhibitors and nitrification inhibitors can produce a stable new fertili zer
[23], which can significantly delay urea hydrolysis [24] and inhibit soil nitrification [25]. Replacing 40% of
conventional nitrogen dosage with organic fertilizer and adding urease inhibitors and nitrification inhibitors
significantly reduced soil microbial biomass and enzyme activities related to organic carbon mineralization [26].
Replacing 20% urea with chicken manure and adding inhibitors can improve nitrogen supply in the soil and increase
fertilizer utilization rate [15].
Urease inhibitors have the effect of reducing the activity of urease, which causes the release rate of ammonia and the
hydrolysis speed of urea [5], which in turn controls the nitrogen loss caused by nitrifying reactions and ammonia [27].
which has a nitrification effect on ammonium nitrogen in the soil, reduce the dilute losses of nitrate nitrogen, reduce the
amount of nitrogen oxide in the atmosphere, and reduce the poisoning of nitrate nitrogen to the root system of the
seedlings [5], which may be the main way to alleviate the nitrification reaction; It is safe and reliable for the ecological
environment of the soil [8].
 
 
 
International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology (IJIRSET)
| e-ISSN: 2319-8753, p-ISSN: 2320-6710| www.ijirset.com | Impact Factor: 8.118|
||Volume 11, Issue 5, May 2022||
| DOI:10.15680/IJIRSET.2022.1105001 |
IJIRSET © 2022 | An ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | 4353
 
 
By using nitrifying inhibitors in the soil, the activity of nitrifying bacteria and nitrifying bacteria is reduced, and
nitrogen is also migrated and transformed, which increases the time of ammonium nitrogen in the soil. Use nitrogen
and reduce the amount of nitrogen loss [28]. Studies have shown that both dicyandiamide and DMPP can well inhibit
the nitrification process and reduce N2O emissions and nitrate leaching losses [29]. However, the effect of DMPP is
significantly better than DCD. DMPP can significantly inhibit the reproduction of ammonia oxide bacteria, reduce the
number of nitrifying bacteria, thereby reducing N2O emissions and increasing fertilizer utilization [30]. The addition of
nitrification inhibitors in loess paddy fields can inhibit urease activity [31], inhibit nitrification, and reduce the leachi ng
loss and seepage loss of nitrate nitrogen in the soil [32-34], thereby inhibiting ammonium nitrogen in the field surface
water. transformation, increase the concentration of ammonium nitrogen in the field water, and reduce the loss of
nitrogen in the field water [35]. Nitrification inhibitors inhibit the activity of soil microorganisms, thereby regulating
the transformation and transport process of nitrogen, mainly in that nitrification inhibitors inhibit nitrification in soil,
delay the conversion process of ammonium nitrogen to nitrate nitrogen, and make ammonium nitrogen in the soil. The
content of nitrate remained at a high level, and the nitrate content in the soil decreased, reducing the leaching loss of
nitrate [36-37].
3.2 Study on the relationship between polyaspartic acid and nitrogen transformation and transport
Polyaspartic acid is a kind of environmentally friendly chemical synergist with good biodegradability, non-toxic and
non-polluting [38]. Polyaspartic acid/salt can be used as a fertilizer synergist in agriculture, gathering nutrients in water
around the roots of crops, thereby promoting the absorption of nutrients by crops, reducing the loss of nutrients in the
soil, and improving the utilization rate of fertilizers [39-40]. Polyaspartic acid can effectively control nitrogen
concentration in field water [41]. Reduce the leaching loss of ammonium nitrogen in the soil and delay the nitrification
process of the conversion of ammonium nitrogen to nitrate nitrogen [42]. The application of polyaspartic urea can
reduce the content of nitrate nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen in the surface water, thus playing a certain role in
preventing and controlling the loss of nitrogen in paddy fields [43]. It can delay the hydrolysis process of urea, so that
the concentration of ammonium nitrogen in the field water increases slowly, reducing the risk of nitrogen loss and
increasing the effect of pollution control [44].
IV. STUDY ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN NITROGEN FERTILIZER SYNERGISTS AND NITROGEN TRANSFORMATION
FUNCTIONAL MICROORGANISMS
 
Many scholars believe that ammonia oxidizing bacteria and ammonia oxidizing archaea dominate the nitrification in
the key transformation process of nitrogen [45-46], and the reason for the decrease in the speed of nitrification reaction
under the action of nitrification inhibitors is that nitrification inhibitors It inhibits the growth and activity of ammonia-
oxidizing bacteria in the soil, and delays the conversion of ammonium to nitrite in the soil, resulting in a reduction in
the loss of nitrogen in the soil [47]. The inhibitory effect of dicyandiamide on ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms is
affected by soil properties, and the inhibitory effect varies greatly in soils of different environments. In neutral and
weakly acidic environments, the nitrogen content is high, and dicyandiamide can significantly inhibit ammonia. The
growth of oxidizing archaea [49], the inhibition of ammonia oxidizing bacteria is not obvious [48]. In strongly acidic
soil, dicyandiamide completely inhibited the nitrification activity of ammonia-oxidizing archaea, and the gene
abundance of archaea decreased, but the effect on the gene abundance of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria was not
significant [50]. DMPP inhibits the transcriptional activity of ammonia monooxygenases produced by ammonia
oxidizing bacteria and archaea in soil [10]. The co-application of dicyandiamide and urea significantly inhibited the
growth of ammonia oxidizing bacteria, reduced greenhouse gas emissions, and promoted the growth of bacterial
communities [51]. However, studies by some scholars have shown that dicyandiamide cannot inhibit soil nitrification
and cannot promote the growth of ammonia oxidizing microorganisms [52].
Under aerobic conditions, urease inhibitors will first convert to the oxidized product NBPTo, and then form a tridentate
bond with the urease active site [53], thereby reducing the rate of urease hydrolysis of urea [54-55]. The number of
ammonia monooxygenase genes of ammonia oxidizing archaea and ammonia oxidizing bacteria was significantly
reduced in the soil after the application of urease inhibitors, indicating that urease inhibitors can inhibit the activity of
urease in ammonia oxidizing bacteria cells, thereby inhibiting intracellular ammonia oxidation The nitrification effect
of bacteria [56], but there are also related studies that the abundance of ammonia oxidizing bacteria is not affected by
urease inhibitors [57].
V. CONCLUSION AND OUTLOOK
 
There have been many studies on the combined application of nitrogen fertilizers and nitrogen synergists, but the
effectiveness of nitrogen fertilizer synergists varies greatly on soils with different properties, and the nitrogen fertilizer
synergists suitable for different soil environments are different. Therefore, it is necessary to find the nitrogen fertilizer
 
 
 
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