Nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), sulfur (S), zinc (Zn), and iron (Fe) are some of the vital nutrients required for optimum growth, development, and productivity of plants. The deficiency of any of these nutrients may lead to defects in plant growth and decreased productivity. Plant responses to the deficiency of N, P, S, Fe, or Zn have been studied mainly as a separate event, and only a few reports discuss the molecular basis of biological interaction among the nutrients. Macro-nutrients like N, P, and/or S not only show the interacting pathways for each other but also affect micro-nutrient pathways. Limited reports are available on the investigation of two-by-two or multi-level nutrient interactions in plants. Such studies on the nutrient interaction pathways suggest that an MYB-like transcription factor, phosphate starvation response 1 (PHR1), acts as a master regulator of N, P, S, Fe, and Zn homeostasis. Similarly, light-responsive transcription factors were identified to be involved in modulating nutrient responses in Arabidopsis. This review focuses on the recent advances in our understanding of how plants coordinate the acquisition, transport, signaling, and interacting pathways for N, P, S, Fe, and Zn nutrition at the molecular level. Identification of the important candidate genes for interactions between N, P, S, Fe, and/or Zn metabolic pathways might be useful for the breeders to improve nutrient use efficiency and yield/quality of crop plants. Integrated studies on pathways interactions/cross-talks between macro‐ and micro-nutrients in the agronomically important crop plants would be essential for sustainable agriculture around the globe, particularly under the changing climatic conditions.

Plants are able to produce their own food through a process called photosynthesis. They absorb nutrients through their roots from the soil and is transported through the stem to the different parts that are above ground level. They require two types of nutrients- macronutrients and micronutrients. 

Micronutrients are essential for your plants, says Tricia in our video about secondary macronutrients and the micronutrients. You know about the major nutrients, N-P-K. Those are the symbols for the building blocks: nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. They're represented by the three numbers on the front of fertilizer boxes or bags.For more about them, check out our video here. With the lesser known micronutrients (like “molybdenum” -- if you can spell that you can probably win a Spelling Bee) you’ll need a lab soil test to know if any need to be added to your soil.Let’s have a quick look at the major mineral nutrients, and then get to know the micronutrients and find out what they do for your plants.

A pH of 7.0 in neutral on the pH scale of 0 to 14. Micronutrients tend to be more available when the pH is 7 to 7.5, which is slightly alkaline, while macronutrients prefer a pH between 6.2 to 7.0, which is slightly acidic.Understanding each micronutrient mineral element’s function in plant growth will help you to determine the right nutrient applications and diagnose any potential crop production problems.

Cyanophycin is the third known polymer, the others being polyglutamate and polylysine, consisting of a restricted number of amino acids, that is synthesized by a nonribosomal synthetase.

The pH of tumor environment is acidic (6.5–7.2) compared with normal tissues (7.4). These differences in pH have been exploited to cleave the pH-sensitive ligands to release drugs from the micelles carriers.

Most early reports on brush and branched polypeptides utilized conventional NCA polymerization techniques. The first graft polypeptides were published in 1956 by Sela et al.61 Using poly(l-lysine) or poly(d/l-ornithine) as a multifunctional initiator for the ROP of a number of different NCAs, these authors prepared a variety of graft polypeptides, which they termed multichain poly(amino acids) (eqn [18]).

The “Web of Science” database of “Science Citation Index-Expanded” (SCIE), “Social Sciences Citation Index” (SSCI), and “Arts & Humanities Citation Index” (Garfield, 2006) was used for searching literature on the cyanobacterial research in general and the literature on the cyanobacterial bioenergy and biofuels in particular.

The “Web of Science” database of “Science Citation Index-Expanded” (SCIE), “Social Sciences Citation Index” (SSCI), and “Arts & Humanities Citation Index” (Garfield, 2006) was used for searching literature on the cyanobacterial research in general and the literature on the cyanobacterial bioenergy and biofuels in particular.

Control of membrane properties by precise pH control is the most easily visualized concept. The definite pKa for each functional group incorporated into the membrane structure allows for a very precise break in the permeability of a polymer grafted membrane. For example, the pKa for the carboxylic acid groups of polyaspartic acid is around 3.9.

Cyanophycin is a nitrogen-storage polymer composed of a polyaspartate backbone with arginine side chains attached with their α-amino group to the β-carboxy group of each aspartate (Figure 30.2). It is synthesized by the enzyme cyanophycin synthase and deposited as granules in cyanobacteria as well as several photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic bacteria (Berg et al., 2000

Given the clinical severity of the toxicities associated with aminoglycosides, a great deal of research has been devoted to the discovery of agents that can prevent these sequelae. The polyamino acids, poly-l-aspartic acid (PAA) and poly-l-glutamic acid (PGA), are a group of compounds that have been shown to be efficacious at preventing aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity without impairing antimicrobial activity (Ali 2003; Beauchamp et al. 1990; Josepovitz et al. 1982; Kishore et al.

A micelle is generally defined as a collection of amphiphilic surfactant molecules that spontaneously aggregate in water in a concentration-dependent manner to produce a metastable aggregate. The core of the micelle is hydrophobic and therefore can sequester hydrophobic drugs. Conventional micelles are formed from small surface-active molecules that have a polar head group and a hydrophobic tail (amphiphiles). However, micelles can also be formed from large amphiphilic block copolymers.

The main issue concerning cancer therapy is the selective targeting of cancer cells. One of the targeting strategies being investigated is using a tumor stimuli-sensitive delivery system that depends on the shared tumor physiological imbalances, which mainly include hypoxia, excessive expression of certain enzymes, tumor acidosis, and redox imbalance.

An alternative concept for the preparation of microgels is based on the cross-linking of well-defined macromolecular building blocks, either by direct interaction between the (pre-) polymers or by the use of low molecular weight cross-linkers.32–34

This Global Report 2016 is a result of industry experts' diligent work on researching the world market of sodium salt of polyaspartic acid (pasp). The report helps to build up a clear view of the market (trends and prospects), identify major players in the industry, and estimate main downstream sectors.

The Sodium Salt of Polyaspartic Acid (PASP) is the sodium salt derivative of polyaspartic acid, which is an eco-friendly, biodegradable, and non-toxic water-soluble polymer. It finds extensive applications across various industries such as water treatment, coatings, agriculture, and others.

The invention discloses a fertilizer synergist, which comprises malic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, oxalic acid, succinic acid, humic acid and polyglutamic acid, wherein the weight ratio of the organic acids is 0.01-0.12: 0.01-0.12: 0.10 to 0.26: 0.10 to 0.27: 0.10-0.22: 0.01-0.1: 0.01 to 0.1. The invention also discloses a synergistic fertilizer containing the fertilizer synergist and a preparation method thereof.

The application of nano materials is one of the current hot spots in agricultural production. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of different nano fertilizer synergists on nitrogen (N) utilization and related gene expression in wheat.

Nitrogen (N) is one of the essential elements for crop growth, which can regulate many processes of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) growth and development. e application of chemical fertilizers plays an important role in optimizing yield and quality of crops. Accord-ing to statistics, the domestic application of chemi-cal fertilizers accounted for nearly 40% of the World’s application in 2011, and has been growing [1].