Nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), sulfur (S), zinc (Zn), and iron (Fe) are some of the vital nutrients required for optimum growth, development, and productivity of plants. The deficiency of any of these nutrients may lead to defects in plant growth and decreased productivity. Plant responses to the deficiency of N, P, S, Fe, or Zn have been studied mainly as a separate event, and only a few reports discuss the molecular basis of biological interaction among the nutrients. Macro-nutrients like N, P, and/or S not only show the interacting pathways for each other but also affect micro-nutrient pathways. Limited reports are available on the investigation of two-by-two or multi-level nutrient interactions in plants. Such studies on the nutrient interaction pathways suggest that an MYB-like transcription factor, phosphate starvation response 1 (PHR1), acts as a master regulator of N, P, S, Fe, and Zn homeostasis. Similarly, light-responsive transcription factors were identified to be involved in modulating nutrient responses in Arabidopsis. This review focuses on the recent advances in our understanding of how plants coordinate the acquisition, transport, signaling, and interacting pathways for N, P, S, Fe, and Zn nutrition at the molecular level. Identification of the important candidate genes for interactions between N, P, S, Fe, and/or Zn metabolic pathways might be useful for the breeders to improve nutrient use efficiency and yield/quality of crop plants. Integrated studies on pathways interactions/cross-talks between macro‐ and micro-nutrients in the agronomically important crop plants would be essential for sustainable agriculture around the globe, particularly under the changing climatic conditions.

Collectively, these factors have led farmers to question whether micronutrient fertilization may now be required to meet the changing demands of crop nutrition. The Tri-State Fertilizer Recommendations state that in general, soils in Michigan, Indiana and Ohio have adequate amounts of micronutrients to support crop growth. The only reported micronutrient deficiencies in this region have been with B, Cu, Mn and Zn. These deficiencies can cause plant abnormalities, reduced growth and sometimes yield losses. Over the past 40 years, there have been ongoing efforts to evaluate the effect of micronutrient fertilization on field crop yields. Here we have compiled all available studies conducted by Ohio State University which examined the effect of micronutrient fertilization on field crop yields in Ohio.

Understanding plant nutrition can be the difference between vigorous, productive plants and plants that struggle. You may be familiar with the macronutrients like nitrogen or potassium. These are the most commonly discussed nutrients since they are needed in the largest amounts.However, they aren’t the only essential nutrients that your plants need. Your plants will also need micronutrients in order to thrive.

As a gardener or farmer, you know that plant growth and development are essential to your success. But did you know that there are nutrients for plants specifically required to make this happen? In this article, we will explore the world of plant nutrients, why plants need nutrients, and how plants get what they need to grow.

Plants are able to produce their own food through a process called photosynthesis. They absorb nutrients through their roots from the soil and is transported through the stem to the different parts that are above ground level. They require two types of nutrients- macronutrients and micronutrients. 

We all know the nutrients — nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, magnesium, calcium, sulfur — that are important for plants. We call them macronutrients. But there’s a whole list of plant micronutrients that are also essential, in much smaller quantities, to the health of your plants. These micronutrients — boron, iron, zinc and others — not only assure healthy growth, they help your gardens fight off pests and diseases.The best long term way to keep your garden soil rich with the micronutrients it needs is by adding organic compost. The living things that go into compost — grass clippings, leaves, plants trimmings, table scraps — already contain various amounts of micronutrients. Their presence in your compost guarantees that you’re returning those micronutrients to the soil.

Western Canadian crops require 17 essential nutrients to grow normally. Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen derived from the air comprise more than 90 per cent of the fresh plant tissue. Macronutrients derived from the soil and needed in large amounts are nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), sulphur (S), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg). Legumes are the exception because they fix N from the air. With a few exceptions, Ca and Mg are not limiting in Saskatchewan because of the nature of the soils. The soil supply of N, P, K, and S is often supplemented by fertilizer and manure.The remaining essential nutrients derived from the soil are referred to as micronutrients, because they are needed in small amounts. They are boron (B), chloride (Cl), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), molybdenum (Mo), nickel (Ni) and zinc (Zn). Micronutrients are important for plant growth, as plants require a proper balance of all the essential nutrients for normal growth and optimum yield.

Micronutrients are essential for your plants, says Tricia in our video about secondary macronutrients and the micronutrients. You know about the major nutrients, N-P-K. Those are the symbols for the building blocks: nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. They're represented by the three numbers on the front of fertilizer boxes or bags.For more about them, check out our video here. With the lesser known micronutrients (like “molybdenum” -- if you can spell that you can probably win a Spelling Bee) you’ll need a lab soil test to know if any need to be added to your soil.Let’s have a quick look at the major mineral nutrients, and then get to know the micronutrients and find out what they do for your plants.

A pH of 7.0 in neutral on the pH scale of 0 to 14. Micronutrients tend to be more available when the pH is 7 to 7.5, which is slightly alkaline, while macronutrients prefer a pH between 6.2 to 7.0, which is slightly acidic.Understanding each micronutrient mineral element’s function in plant growth will help you to determine the right nutrient applications and diagnose any potential crop production problems.

To be able to grow, develop, and produce at their best, plants must have specific elements or compounds called plant essential nutrients.A plant that lacks an essential nutrient cannot complete its life cycle—the seed may not germinate; the plant may not be able to develop roots, stems, leaves, or flowers properly; or it may not be able to produce seeds to create new plants. Often the plant itself will die.However, having too much of a nutrient can harm and even kill plants. For example, having too much nitrogen can cause a plant to grow more leaves but less or no fruit. Too much manganese can make the leaves turn yellow and eventually die. And excess boron can kill a plant.You can save money and effort—and even your plants— if you know what and how much to give your plants. The plants will be healthier and more productive if you give them what they need—no more and no less.

Cyanophycin is the third known polymer, the others being polyglutamate and polylysine, consisting of a restricted number of amino acids, that is synthesized by a nonribosomal synthetase.

The pH of tumor environment is acidic (6.5–7.2) compared with normal tissues (7.4). These differences in pH have been exploited to cleave the pH-sensitive ligands to release drugs from the micelles carriers.

Most early reports on brush and branched polypeptides utilized conventional NCA polymerization techniques. The first graft polypeptides were published in 1956 by Sela et al.61 Using poly(l-lysine) or poly(d/l-ornithine) as a multifunctional initiator for the ROP of a number of different NCAs, these authors prepared a variety of graft polypeptides, which they termed multichain poly(amino acids) (eqn [18]).

The “Web of Science” database of “Science Citation Index-Expanded” (SCIE), “Social Sciences Citation Index” (SSCI), and “Arts & Humanities Citation Index” (Garfield, 2006) was used for searching literature on the cyanobacterial research in general and the literature on the cyanobacterial bioenergy and biofuels in particular.

The “Web of Science” database of “Science Citation Index-Expanded” (SCIE), “Social Sciences Citation Index” (SSCI), and “Arts & Humanities Citation Index” (Garfield, 2006) was used for searching literature on the cyanobacterial research in general and the literature on the cyanobacterial bioenergy and biofuels in particular.

Control of membrane properties by precise pH control is the most easily visualized concept. The definite pKa for each functional group incorporated into the membrane structure allows for a very precise break in the permeability of a polymer grafted membrane. For example, the pKa for the carboxylic acid groups of polyaspartic acid is around 3.9.

Cyanophycin is a nitrogen-storage polymer composed of a polyaspartate backbone with arginine side chains attached with their α-amino group to the β-carboxy group of each aspartate (Figure 30.2). It is synthesized by the enzyme cyanophycin synthase and deposited as granules in cyanobacteria as well as several photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic bacteria (Berg et al., 2000

Given the clinical severity of the toxicities associated with aminoglycosides, a great deal of research has been devoted to the discovery of agents that can prevent these sequelae. The polyamino acids, poly-l-aspartic acid (PAA) and poly-l-glutamic acid (PGA), are a group of compounds that have been shown to be efficacious at preventing aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity without impairing antimicrobial activity (Ali 2003; Beauchamp et al. 1990; Josepovitz et al. 1982; Kishore et al.

A micelle is generally defined as a collection of amphiphilic surfactant molecules that spontaneously aggregate in water in a concentration-dependent manner to produce a metastable aggregate. The core of the micelle is hydrophobic and therefore can sequester hydrophobic drugs. Conventional micelles are formed from small surface-active molecules that have a polar head group and a hydrophobic tail (amphiphiles). However, micelles can also be formed from large amphiphilic block copolymers.

The main issue concerning cancer therapy is the selective targeting of cancer cells. One of the targeting strategies being investigated is using a tumor stimuli-sensitive delivery system that depends on the shared tumor physiological imbalances, which mainly include hypoxia, excessive expression of certain enzymes, tumor acidosis, and redox imbalance.